Vehicle-to-Grid Power: Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Vehicles as Resources for Distributed Electric Power in California

Calculates three parameters of electric drive vehicles (EDVs) which are important for their use by the electric system: resource size, availability, and economic potential. Economic potential was calculated for three power markets: peak power, spinning reserves, and regulation services.

This report analyzes V2G power from three types of EDVs�battery, hybrid, and fuel cell. Battery EDVs can store electricity, charging during low demand times and discharging when power is scarce and prices are high. Fuel cell and hybrid EDVs are sources of new power generation. For economic reasons they would sell power only when prices are high. Battery and plug-in hybrid EDVs can also sell regulation services, which involves little or no net battery discharge. In the terminology of the California Air Resources Board (CARB), battery and fuel cell EDVs are considered Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEV), hybrids are considered Advanced Technology Partial ZEV (AT-PZEV), and battery EDVs are often referred to simply as EVs.

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